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Os ensaios reunidos neste livro abordam o tema do a priori, tal como ele ocorre no pensamento de Kant. Sendo este reconhecidamente o mais central e o mais óbvio dos temas da filosofia kantiana, ele é também, apesar disso, e talvez precisamente por isso, um dos menos estudados e dos menos compreendidos na sua amplitude e nas suas implicações, pelo que, apesar da muito familiar ocorrência e insistente invocação, ele continua sendo uma das expressões mais problemáticas e ambíguas do vocabulário kantiano. Kant conferiu a esse termo um significado técnico e uma função estratégica, como meio de superar a simples oposição entre o conhecimento puramente racional (analítico, a-priori) e o conhecimento empírico (sintético, a-posteriori), introduzindo uma nova modalidade de conhecimento formulado em juízos sintéticos a-priori, e assim capazes de garantir a universalidade e a necessidade e ao mesmo tempo a objetividade e o progresso efetivo do conhecimento.
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Originally published in 1977. In this major work, an overview of the structure of historical writing, Maurice Mandelbaum clarifies some of the problems concerning the nature of history as a discipline, of what constitutes explanation in history, and whether historical knowledge is as reliable as other forms of knowledge. The work is divided into three parts. The first part provides an analytic account of different types of historical inquiry. The second treats at length the nature of causal explanation in everyday life and in science and considers the relation between causes and laws. The final part analyzes the concept of objectivity and estimates both the extent to which the inquiries of historians can be said to be objective and the limits of that objectivity in some types of historical accounts.
History --- Philosophy. --- History of philosophy, philosophical traditions
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Originally published in 1961. The Reason, the Understanding, and Time is concerned with the history of the conceptions of reason, ego, time, and other related concepts that enjoyed a great vogue and influence in German philosophy in the last decades of the eighteenth century and the early decades of the nineteenth century. Kant's influence on and relevance to the development of later German epistemology is traced, as is the impact of those ideas on the Transcendentalist movements in England and America as represented by Coleridge, Carlyle, and Emerson. The significance of Jacobi's philosophy, hitherto not fully appreciated by historians, is demonstrated as well as the contribution of the young Schelling. By examining Bergson's letters, Lovejoy throws new light on Bergson's concept of time. Lovejoy's philosophical interpretation is a model of penetrating insight and helpful criticism.
Philosophy. --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities --- History of philosophy, philosophical traditions
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Originally published in 1970. Many contemporary philosophers have thought that certain philosophic disputes could be settled by using the concept of meaninglessness. To solve philosophic problems in this way, however, it seemed necessary to provide a reliable criterion for deciding when a particular sentence or statement is meaningless. But devising such a criterion has proved to be very difficult. In fact, in recent years many philosophers have become quite skeptical about the adequacy of the standard criteria of meaninglessness. Some of the more radical skeptics have even argued that the concept of meaninglessness, as it is used by philosophers, is itself defective and would be even if an adequate criterion could be found. Professor Erwin, in a systematic study of the concept of meaninglessness, begins by examining the standard criteria of meaninglessness proposed by philosophers. These criteria include operationalist, verificationist, and type or category criteria. Each of these criteria, he argues, is inadequate. Erwin then turns to the question, What kinds of items, if any, should be said to be meaningless? Most philosophers concerned with this question have claimed that only sentences, not statements or propositions, can be meaningless. Erwin argues, however, that this is wrong: statements (and propositions) can be meaningless. Once this is demonstrated, it can then be shown that the more radical skepticism about the philosophic use of the concept of meaninglessness is misguided. In particular, Erwin shows that the following assertions of the radical skeptic are false: that what is meaningless is relative to a given language or to a given time, and that the concept of meaninglessness forces us to condemn as nonsense metaphors comprehensible to competent speakers of English. In his concluding chapter, Erwin considers the implications of there not being any adequate general criterion of meaninglessness. He then tries to show how the concept of meaninglessness, when interpreted in the manner he suggests, can be profitably used by philosophers, despite the many persuasive objections to its use that philosophers have raised in their disputes over it.
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Who’s worse, the Young-Girl or the Man-Child? Tiqqun’s Preliminary Materials for a Theory of the Young-Girl is a controversial work of anticapitalist philosophy that has attracted musicians, playwrights, feminist theorists, and men's-rights activists since its publication in 1999. More than twenty years after its publication the international reverberation of Young-Girls shows no signs of weakening. Young-Girls in Echoland: #Theorizing Tiqqun is a guide to this ongoing postdigital conversation, engaging with artworks and textual criticism provoked by Tiqqun’s audacious, arguably misogynistic textual voice. Heather Warren-Crow and Andrea Jonsson show how Tiqqun’s polarizing figure has grown and matured but also stayed unapologetically girly in the works of artists and scholars discussed here. Rethinking the myth of Echo and Narcissus by performing a different kind of listening, they take us on a journey from VSCO girls to basic bitches to vampires.With an ear for the sound of Tiqqun’s polemic and its ensemble of Anglophone and Francophone rejoinders, Young-Girls in Echoland offers a model for analyzing the call-and-response of pop philosophy and for hearing the affective rhythms of communicative capitalism.
Teenage girls --- Women --- Psychology. --- Mental health --- History of philosophy, philosophical traditions
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What are the implications of how we talk about apocalypse? A new philosophical field has emerged. “Existential risk” studies any real or hypothetical human extinction event in the near or distant future. This movement examines catastrophes ranging from runaway global warming to nuclear warfare to malevolent artificial intelligence, deploying a curious mix of utilitarian ethics, statistical risk analysis, and, controversially, a transhuman advocacy that would aim to supersede almost all extinction scenarios. The proponents of existential risk thinking, led by Oxford philosopher Nick Bostrom, have seen their work gain immense popularity, attracting endorsement from Bill Gates and Elon Musk, millions of dollars, and millions of views. Calamity Theory is the first book to examine the rise of this thinking and its failures to acknowledge the ways some communities and lifeways are more at risk than others and what it implies about human extinction.Forerunners: Ideas First is a thought-in-process series of breakthrough digital publications. Written between fresh ideas and finished books, Forerunners draws on scholarly work initiated in notable blogs, social media, conference plenaries, journal articles, and the synergy of academic exchange. This is gray literature publishing: where intense thinking, change, and speculation take place in scholarship.
Risk assessment. --- Human beings --- Disasters. --- Extinction. --- Calamities --- Catastrophes --- Curiosities and wonders --- Accidents --- Hazardous geographic environments --- Extinction of human beings --- Human extinction --- Extinction (Biology) --- Analysis, Risk --- Assessment, Risk --- Risk analysis --- Risk evaluation --- Evaluation --- History of philosophy, philosophical traditions
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"In Figural Realism, White collects eight interrelated essays primarily concerned with the treatment of history in recent literary critical discourse. "'History' is not only an object we can study," White observes, "it is also and even primarily a certain kind of relationship to 'the past' mediated by a distinctive kind of written discourse. It is because historical discourse is actualized in its culturally significant form as a specific kind of writing that we may consider the relevance of literary theory to both the theory and the practice of historiography.""--Jacket.
Mimesis. --- Verteltheorie. --- Geschiedschrijving. --- Mimesis in literature. --- Literature and history. --- History in literature. --- Historiography. --- Criticism. --- Auerbach, Erich, --- Criticism --- Evaluation of literature --- Literary criticism --- Literature --- Rhetoric --- Aesthetics --- Representation (Literature) --- Imitation in literature --- Realism in literature --- History and literature --- History and poetry --- Poetry and history --- History --- Historical criticism --- Authorship --- Technique --- Evaluation --- Historiography --- History of philosophy, philosophical traditions
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This open access book offers comprehensive information on Wang Yang-ming’s life, helping readers identify and grasp the foundations on which his philosophy was established. Though a great man, Wang had an extremely difficult life, full of many hardships. Based on various official histories, Wang’s own writings, and his disciples’ records, the book explores the legendary life of this ancient philosopher, who not only diligently pursued his objective of living as a sage, but also persistently sought the ideal state of a sage in ideology. The author also shares his own interpretations of the main aspects of Wang’s philosophy using simple and straightforward language. This book will help readers understand and appreciate Wang Yang-ming’s extraordinary life, his generous mind, deep thoughts and bright personality, inspiring them to pursue enriching lives. It offers a unique and insightful work for undergraduate students and all others interested in Wang’s philosophy and life story.
Philosophy, Asian. --- Oriental literature. --- Non-Western Philosophy. --- Asian Literature. --- Asian literature --- Asian philosophy --- Oriental philosophy --- Philosophy, Oriental --- Non-Western Philosophy --- Asian Literature --- Philosophical Traditions --- Open Access --- Yang-ming Wang --- Philosophy of Mind --- The Oneness of Knowledge and Action --- Wang Shou-ren --- Ping Dong --- Legendary Life of Wang Yang-ming --- Master Yang-ming --- Wang Yun --- History of philosophy, philosophical traditions --- Literature: history & criticism
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Exploring the existential implications of the Covid-19 crisis through meditationsPart personal memoir, part philosophical reflection and written in the midst of the pandemic in 2021, The World Is Gone employs the Robinson Crusoe fable to launch an existential investigation of the effects of extreme isolation, profound boredom, nightly insomnia, and the fear of madness associated with the loss of a world populated by others.Forerunners: Ideas First is a thought-in-process series of breakthrough digital publications. Written between fresh ideas and finished books, Forerunners draws on scholarly work initiated in notable blogs, social media, conference plenaries, journal articles, and the synergy of academic exchange. This is gray literature publishing: where intense thinking, change, and speculation take place in scholarship.
COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020 --- -Crusoe, Robinson (Fictitious character) --- Existentialism. --- Epidemics --- Existenzphilosophie --- Ontology --- Phenomenology --- Philosophy, Modern --- Epiphanism --- Relationism --- Self --- History of philosophy, philosophical traditions --- -Existentialism. --- Crusoe, Robinson --- Robinson Crusoe --- Social isolation --- Psychological aspects. --- Lambert, Gregg, --- Exclusion, Social --- Isolation, Social --- Social exclusion --- Social psychology --- Alienation (Social psychology) --- Social distance --- Lambert, Gregory,
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Originally published in 1969. The proverb vox populi, vox Dei first appeared in a work by Alcuin (ca. 798), who wrote that "the people [] are to be led, not followed. [] Nor are those to be listened to who are accustomed to say, 'The voice of the people is the voice of God.'" Tracing the changing meaning of the saying through European history, George Boas finds that "the people" are not an easily identifiable group. For many centuries the butt of jokes and the substance of comic relief in serious drama, the people became in time an object of pity and, later, of aesthetic appeal. Popular opinion, despised in ancient Rome, was something sought, after the French Revolution. The first essay documents the use of the titular proverb through the eighteenth century. In the next six essays, Boas attempts to determine who the people were and how writers and philosophers have regarded them throughout history. He also examines the people as the creators of literature, art, and music, and as the subject of others' artistic representations. In a final essay, he discusses egalitarianism, which has given a voice to the common person. Animating Boas's account is his own belief in the importance of the individual's voice—as opposed to the voice of the masses, which is by no means necessarily that of God or reason.
Arts. --- Social classes. --- God --- Proverbs. --- Public opinion. --- Will. --- Opinion, Public --- Perception, Public --- Popular opinion --- Public perception --- Public perceptions --- Judgment --- Social psychology --- Attitude (Psychology) --- Focus groups --- Reputation --- Adages --- Ana --- Gnomes (Maxims) --- Proverbial sayings --- Proverbs --- Sayings --- Folk literature --- Quotations --- Terms and phrases --- Aphorisms and apothegms --- Epigrams --- Maxims --- Will --- Divine commands (Ethics) --- Class distinction --- Classes, Social --- Rank --- Caste --- Estates (Social orders) --- Social status --- Class consciousness --- Classism --- Social stratification --- Arts, Fine --- Arts, Occidental --- Arts, Western --- Fine arts --- Humanities --- Arts, Primitive --- History of philosophy, philosophical traditions
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